[Sex influence in lipodystrophy of HIV-infected patients and its association with cardiovascular risk factors]. / Impacto del sexo en el síndrome de lipodistrofia en pacientes con infección por el VIH y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of sex in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with lipodystrophy and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected patients aged 20 or over managed at the outpatient Infectious Disease Unit in 2003. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection, lipodystrophy and cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 760 patients included in the study, women comprised 28%. Men with lipodystrophy had a higher prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia than those without lipodystrophy. Women with lipodystrophy had a higher prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia compared with those without lipodystrophy (22.8 vs. 11.2%, p = 0.000; 20.6 vs. 9.3%, p = 0.001; 39.7 vs. 30%, p = 0.03 y 56.6 vs. 40.9%, p = 0.0001, respectively). The lipoatrophy pattern was predominant in men (24.9 vs. 12.6%, p = 0.0001) and lipoaccumulation forms in women (12.3 vs. 22.6%, p = 0.0001). Furthermore, women were younger, had a higher prevalence of smoking, family history of premature coronary heart disease and central obesity, and a lower prevalence of hypertension and hypoalphalipoproteinemia than men with lipodystrophy (42.1 +/- 8 years vs. 44.8 +/- 9.9 years, p = 0.03; 77.5 vs. 64%, p = 0.04; 22.5 vs. 9%, p = 0.003; 31 vs. 8.5%, p = 0.0001; 9.9 vs. 22.8%, p = 0.01; 25.4 vs. 39.7%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the influence of sex in lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients affects not only the lipodystrophy pattern, but also the cardiovascular risk profile.

[Tools to measure treatment adherence]. / Instrumentos de medida de adherencia al tratamiento.

Adherence measurement of treatments is necessary, in spite there are several tools the most of them do not achieve fully the goal. Adherence is a word that includes two concepts: compliance to doses and administration way and persistence on the treatment time. One of these tools is the pharmacy data base. It has been demonstrated using this tool that persistence for osteoporosis patient treatments could be fewer than 25% after one year of prescription. An extended tool is the count of not taked pills that inform of adherence percentage in a period of time. One very useful self- administrated questionnaire is the Morisky-Green with a Spanish version validated by Val Jimenez et al. This questionnaire consists of four simple and short questions. Recently it has been introduced electronic methods that permit to know when and what time the patient takes the pill. Measurement of adherence is not easy and it is necessary to use some tools at the same time to avoid overestimation. Diseases with a long period of treatment as osteoporosis the increase of adherence is needed to prevent fractures.

Impacto del sexo en el síndrome de lipodistrofia en pacientes con infección por el VIH y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular / Sex influence in lipodystrophy of HIV-infected patients and its association with cardiovascular risk factors

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del sexo en la presencia del síndrome de lipodistrofia en una población de pacientes infectados por el VIH y su asociación con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Pacientes y método: Estudio transversal que incluyó a los pacientes de 20 años de edad o mayores, con infección por el VIH atendidos en la consulta externa del Servicio de Medicina Interna y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital del Mar de Barcelona durante el año 2.003. Se evaluaron las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la infección por el VIH, la presencia de lipodistrofía y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: De los 710 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, las mujeres representaban el 28% de la serie. Los varones con lipodistrofia presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, hipoalfalipoproteinemia e hipertrigliceridemia comparado con los que no presentaban lipodistrofia (22,8 vs. 11,2%, p = 0,000; 20,6 vs. 9,3%, p = 0,001; 39,7 vs. 30%, p = 0,03 y 56,6 vs. 40,9%, p = 0,0001, respectivamente). En las mujeres, la presencia de lipodistrofia se acompañó de una mayor prevalencia de obesidad central e hipertrigliceridemia con respecto a la ausencia de lipodistrofia. En los varones predominó el patrón de lipoatrofia (24,9 vs. 12,6%, p = 0,0001), y en las mujeres el lipoacúmulo (12,3 vs. 22,6%, p = 0,0001). Además, las mujeres eran más jóvenes, tenían una mayor prevalencia de tabaquismo, antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía isquémica prematura y de obesidad central, y una menor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y de hipoalfalipoproteinemia que los varones con lipodistrofia (42,1 ± 8 años vs. 44,8 ± 9,9 años, p = 0,03; 77,5 vs. 64%, p = 0,04; 22,5 vs. 9%, p = 0,003; 31 vs. 8,5%, p = 0,0001; 9,9 vs. 22,8%, p = 0,01; 25,4 vs. 39,7%, p = 0,03, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El presente estudio demuestra que el impacto del sexo en la lipodistrofia de los pacientes con infección por el VIH no sólo afecta al patrón de lipodistrofia, sino también al perfil de riesgo cardiovascular

Objective: To evaluate the influence of sex in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with lipodystrophy and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. Patients and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIVinfected patients aged 20 or over managed at the outpatient Infectious Disease Unit in 2003. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection, lipodystrophy and cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. Results: Of the 760 patients included in the study, women comprised 28%. Men with lipodystrophy had a higher prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia than those without lipodystrophy. Women with lipodystrophy had a higher prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia compared with those without lipodystrophy (22.8 vs. 11.2%, p = 0.000; 20.6 vs. 9.3%, p = 0.001; 39.7 vs. 30%, p = 0.03 y 56.6 vs. 40.9%, p = 0.0001, respectively). The lipoatrophy pattern was predominant in men (24.9 vs. 12.6%, p = 0.0001) and lipoaccumulation forms in women (12.3 vs. 22.6%, p = 0.0001). Furthermore, women were younger, had a higher prevalence of smoking, family history of premature coronary heart disease and central obesity, and a lower prevalence of hypertension and hypoalphalipoproteinemia than men with lipodystrophy (42.1 ± 8 years vs. 44.8 ± 9.9 years, p = 0.03; 77.5 vs. 64%, p = 0.04; 22.5 vs. 9%, p = 0.003; 31 vs. 8.5%, p = 0.0001; 9.9 vs. 22.8%, p = 0.01; 25.4 vs. 39.7%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the influence of sex in lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients affects not only the lipodystrophy pattern, but also the cardiovascular risk profile

Instrumentos de medida de adherencia al tratamiento / Tools to measure treatment adherence

La medición de la adherencia a los tratamientos es necesaria, sin embargo aunque las herramientas con este propósito son diversas, la mayoría de ellas no cumplen su cometido a la perfección. La adherencia engloba dos conceptos: cumplimiento de dosis y forma de administración y persistencia en la duración del tratamiento prescrito. Uno de los instrumentos de medición de la adherencia son las bases de datos de farmacia. Se ha demostrado utilizando esta herramienta de medición que la persistencia de las pacientes que reciben tratamiento para la osteoporosis puede llegar a ser menor del 25% tras un año de la prescripción. Otro instrumento muy utilizado es el recuento de los comprimidos no tomados, que dará el porcentaje de cumplimiento en un periodo establecido. Un cuestionario autoadministrado muy útil es el cuestionario de Morisky-Green validado en su versión española por Val Jiménez y cols. Este cuestionario consiste en cuatro sencillas y cortas preguntas. Recientemente se han introducido los métodos electrónicos que permiten conocer cuándo y a qué hora el paciente adquiere la medicación. La medición de la adherencia no es fácil y es necesario utilizar varios métodos a la vez para evitar la sobreestimación. En enfermedades que precisan un tratamiento a largo plazo como la osteoporosis se ha de aumentar la adherencia para prevenir fracturas

Adherence measurement of treatments is necessary, in spite there are several tools the most of them do not achieve fully the goal. Adherence is a word that includes two concepts: compliance to doses and administration way and persistence on the treatment time. One of these tools is the pharmacy data base. It has been demonstrated using this tool that persistence for osteoporosis patient treatments could be fewer than 25% after one year of prescription. An extended tool is the count of not taked pills that inform of adherence percentage in a period of time. One very useful self- administrated questionnaire is the Morisky-Green with a Spanish version validated by Val Jimenez et al. This questionnaire consists of four simple and short questions. Recently it has been introduced electronic methods that permit to know when and what time the patient takes the pill. Measurement of adherence is not easy and it is necessary to use some tools at the same time to avoid overestimation. Diseases with a long period of treatment as osteoporosis the increase of adherence is needed to prevent fractures

Manejo conservador en una endocarditis infecciosa por Staphylococcus lugdunensis con insuficiencia mitral / Medical treatment in Staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis with mitral insufficiency

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